Both techniques allow for the efficient use of memory.ġ2. Paging divides memory into fixed-size pages, while segmentation divides memory into variable-size segments. Paging and segmentation are memory management techniques used by an operating system. Can you explain the concept of paging and segmentation? This type of clustering uses the entire hardware resources and is generally considered a highly reliable system.ġ1. What do you mean by asymmetric clustering?Īsymmetric clustering refers to a system in which one node is in hot standby mode while the remaining nodes run various applications. It can be avoided by using techniques such as resource allocation graphs, and timeouts, and avoiding the circular wait.ġ0. What is a deadlock and how can it be avoided?Ī deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are unable to proceed because they are waiting for each other to release resources. The different types of scheduling algorithms used by an operating system include First Come First Serve (FCFS), Shortest Job First (SJF), Priority Scheduling, Round Robin, and Multi-level Queue Scheduling.ĩ. What are the different types of scheduling algorithms used by an operating system?
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In a process, multiple threads that are running share the following: Address space, Heap, Static data, Code segments, File descriptors, Global variables, Child processes, Pending alarms, Signals, and signal handlers.Įach thread has its own unique: Program counter, Registers, Stack, and State.Ĩ. Threads are sometimes referred to as lightweight processes since they have their own stack but can access shared data. It offers a way to improve and enhance application performance through parallelism. It is an essential unit of CPU utilization that makes communication more efficient and effective, enables the use of multiprocessor architectures at a larger scale and with higher efficiency, and reduces the time needed in context switching.
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It works by executing a software interrupt, which transfers control to the operating system kernel, which then performs the requested service.Ī thread is a sequence of execution that consists of a program counter, thread ID, stack, and a set of registers within a process. What is a system call and how does it work?Ī system call is a request made by a program to the operating system for a service, such as input/output or memory allocation. In Linux, the syntax of a system call is defined as follows: long syscall_name(arguments) Ħ.
What is a system call, and what is its syntax in Linux?Ī system call is a mechanism for a program to request a service from the operating system. It creates a virtual address space that can be larger than the physical memory, allowing programs to operate as if there is more memory available.ĥ. Virtual memory is a technique used by an operating system to allow a computer to use more memory than it physically has available. Can you explain the concept of virtual memory? Threads within a process share the same memory space, system resources, and scheduling context, which can provide efficient communicationĤ. What is the difference between a process and a thread? QuestionĪn instance of a running program that consists of one or more threads of execution, an address space, and system resources such as open files and network connections.Ī lightweight unit of execution within a process that shares the same memory space and system resources as other threads in the process.Ĭreated by the operating system when a program is launched, or by another process using system calls or APIs.Ĭreated by the process itself using threading libraries or APIs, or by the operating system as part of process creation.Įach process has its own separate memory space, system resources, and scheduling context, which can help ensure stability and security but may also incur overhead. Its primary function is to locate the kernel and load it into the main memory, after which the program begins its execution.ģ. The bootstrap program is stored in the boot blocks at a fixed location on the disk. The entire operating system relies on the bootstrap program to function and operate effectively. This program is responsible for loading the OS through a bootstrapping process. The bootstrap program, also known as booting, is a software that initializes the operating system during system startup. It is important because it acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware, and manages the resources of the computer efficiently.
What is an operating system and why is it important?Īn operating system is a software program that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. Top 100 OS Interview Questions and Answers 2023ġ.
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